Child+Labor+and+Rise+of+Public+Education

HERE in Richie, Eddie,and Edan's Page you will learn about CHILD LABOR and RISE OF PUBLIC EDUCATION during the INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! (websites for 'work cited' are posted throughout the page)

=__Child Labor:__=

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Intro: During the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries Great Britain became the first country to industrialize. Because of this, it was also the first country where the nature of children's work changed so dramatically that child labor became seen as a social and a political issue. The factories where children worked were

​ Basic Information: "They [boys of eight years] used to get 3d [d is the abbreviation for pence] or 4d a day. Now a man's wages is divided into eight eighths; at eleven, two eighths; at thirteen, three eighths; at fifteen, four eighths; at twenty, a man's wagesÐ About 15s [shillings]." says one boy.
 * Adults with power and control saw children as an opportunity to make big profits because they could work long hours, with little or no pay
 * If adults couldn't, then children could never be able to organize a successfull uprise or rebellion
 * Children were forced to work long hours near or with dangerous, heavy and harmful machinery and equipment that resulted in many deaths and accidents

__Treatment of Children in Factories__ ** The safety and feelings of the children working in these dangerous factories were almost always neglected and forgotten about. The poor kids were beaten and verbally abused when not following orders and were forced to work in dirty and hazardous areas. A common punishment for misbehavior would be to be 'weighted', or tied down with weights and forced to walk up and down the factory aisles to make an example for the other children workers.

[] ** __The Factory Act of 1833__ ** After people began to realize and protest the cruel treatment of children in factories, acts were passed to try to regulate child labor. This act had provisions like: Children ages 14-18 could not work more than 12 hours with an hour lunch break and 8 hours for children ages 9-13, Children under 9 years could not work in factories, and leading into the next topic, children muist have 2 hours of education daily. (There were more provisions than this, these are just a few main ones)

[] http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/tuttle.labor.child.britain [|http://nhs.needham.k12.ma.us//cur/Baker_00/2002_p7/ak_p7/childlabor.html]

[[image:webkit-fake-url://FC1CD948-9AF7-41B8-B064-62DC9FC49111/USAchild3.jpg caption="USAchild3.jpg"]]
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAchild3.jpg



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**__Rise of Public Education__**
Rural communties needed children to work, but urban societies created a new role for them. As societies grew more and more modern education was needed more and more. Soon governments were making legal requirements for education. Education and not work became the principle task for children. 1881 primary education mandatory in BritainIn the late nineteenth century, most of West, Central, and parts of East Europe began to provide elementary education in reading, writing, and arithmetic, partly because politicians believed that education was needed for orderly political behavior. As more people became literate, they realized that most secondary education was only open to those who could afford it Often the school would be open only for a few months of the year, usually when children were not needed to work at home or on the farm. In the one-room schoolhouse sat students of all ages and abilities. The sole teacher was usually an unmarried woman; sometimes the students were older than the teacher. Using only the most basic resources — slate, chalk, and a few books — teaching and learning consisted mainly of literacy, penmanship, arithmetic, and “good manners.”

__**England**__ In the 19th century the Church of Englnad was responsible for most schools until the establishment of free, compulsory education towards the end of that century. the University of London was founded. The Forster Act of 1870 required partially state-funded schools to be set up to provide primary (elementary) education in areas where existing provision was inadequate. School Boards were abolished in 1902 and replaced with Local Education Authorities (LEAs), which are still in use to the present day. The 'Balfour' Act of 1902 created LEAs, who took over responsibility for schools from the school boards. The Fisher Act of 1918 made secondary education compulsory up to age 14 and gave responsibility for secondary schools to the state. Eventually the law was monified and the age changed to 16.

In 1821, Boston started the first public high school in the United States. By the close of the 19th century, public secondary schools began to outnumber private one In the 1865-1914 era, the number and character of schools changed to meet the demands of new and larger cities and of new immigrants strange to American ways, and to adjust to the new spirit of reform permeating the country. High schools increased in number, adjusted their curriculum to prepare students for the growing state and private universities Jules Ferry, a lawyer holding the office of Minister of Public Instruction in the 1880s, is widely credited for creating the modern Republican school by requiring all children under the age of 15 -- boys and girls -- to attend. He also made public instruction mandatory and also free of charge Schooling in France is mandatory as of age 6, the first year of primary school Kindergarten is a German word that mean "children's garden" Martin Luther advocated schooling so that all people would independently be able to read and interpret the Bible. This concept became a model for schools throughout Germany. During the 18th century, Prussia was among the first countries in the world to introduce free primary education, consisting of an eight-year course of primary education. provided not only the skills needed in an early industrialized world (reading, writing, and arithmetic), but also a strict education in ethics, duty, discipline, and obedience. In 1872, as professions demanded well-educated young people, more secondary schools were established, and the state claimed the right to set standards and to supervise the newly established schools.
 * __United States of America__**
 * __France__**
 * __Germany__**

http://www.pbs.org/kcet/publicschool/roots_in_history/index.html http://www.nape.org.uk/ [] []