Industrialization+of+Japan

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media type="custom" key="5586927" Japan's Industrial Revolution The new government imposed military reforms to modernize Japan's army and established the foundation for industrialization. An internal infrastructure was created, guilds and internal tariffs were abolished and a clear title to land was granted to individuals. Lack of capital dictated direct government involvement in the stages of industrialization. Japan established the Ministry of Industry in 1870 to oversee economic development. The government built model factories to provide experience with new technology. Education was extended as a means of developing a work force. Private enterprise soon joined government initiatives, particularly in textiles. By the 1890s, industrial combines, or //zaibatsus//, served to accumulate capital for major investment. Japan's careful management of industrialization limited foreign involvement. Japan continued to depend on the importation of equipment and raw materials from the West. Rapid growth depended on the existence of a cheap supply of labor, often drawn from poorly paid women. More than Russia, Japan's industrialization depended on selling manufactured goods abroad

Social and Cultural Effects of Industrialization

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Social change led to rapid population growth, which strained Japanese resources but sustained a ready supply of cheap labor. The education system stressed science and loyalty to the emperor. Western culture arrived in Japan along with models of constitutional structure and industrialization. As industrialization progressed, population growth dropped off. Patriarchal households remained the norm, but divorce rates indicated increasing instability within family life. Shintoism, as an expression of indigenous culture, gained new popularity. In foreign policy, the Japanese entered the race for colonial domination. The need to employ the new army, the search for raw materials, and efforts to prevent Western encroachment all contributed to Japanese imperialism after 1890. Japan won easy victories over China in 1895 and over Russia in 1904. The victories yielded Japan some territories in northern China. In 1910, Japan annexed Korea.=====



From Agrarian to Industrial Society
 * The transition from an agrarian to an industrial society undertaken beginning with the Meiji Restoration meant that farmers were now working in the manufacturing and service industries on a nation-wide scale. This transformation entailed a lifetime of effort in acquiring new skills and experiencing conditions that were entirely new.**
 * In the initial stage of industrialization, farmers and workers can perhaps assume each other s tasks, but as industrialization progresses, the inter-changeability of roles is gradually lost. A farmer can only hope to become an unskilled worker, and an industrial worker can only expect to perform well as a farm labourer, not as a farmer. For farmers, industrialization brought a process whereby they necessarily became principally farmers, agricultural specialists, no longer able to maintain sideline occupations. The change began with the Meiji Restoration and gradually spread throughout the country. Thus Japan became an industrial society, and it became impossible to return to what it had been.**
 * During this period of social change, the role played by women from rural areas was great. In the textile-led transformation of Japan into an industrial society, females had begun to account for more than half the industrial labour force by around 1910. As light-industry development gradually gave way to the stage of heavy- and chemical-industry orientation, males began to exceed females in the labour market. Also, a little later in this period (late 1900s), more graduates of the imperial universities in Tokyo and Kyoto, who were expected to form an élite corps in the service of national interests, were choosing business careers in big //zaibatsu// corporations and banks rather than in the government bureaucracy.11**
 * Nevertheless, juvenile female textile labourers, forced to work long hours under severe conditions, played a central role in Japan's development of self-reliance in technology. In families who had been squeezed out of their farm villages, the men s wages alone were not enough to support their families, and it was necessary for wives and children to earn what they could from odd jobs they could do at home. This phenomenon has been referred to as //zembu koyo// (whole-family employment), to be distinguished from full employment. This whole-family labour corresponded with the practice of young women labouring in the spinning mills, sending all their extremely low wages back to their home villages to support their parents.**
 * Industrialization caused an increase in markets and banking. Smaller town industries became good markets as the towns' products increased. Bigger family enterprises, such as Sumitomo, expanded into many varied businesses, such as banking facilities. These banks even gave out loans to the daimyo and samurai warriors. They became successful and paved the way for the zaibatsu corporations.**
 * Japanese industrialization also promoted its government. The government was able to hire thousands of foreign experts. These experts helped to establish the modern industries in Japan, and allowed the government to open universities and technical institutes. The zaibatsu bought up most government-owned businesses and by 1900, Japan was the most industrialized nation in Asia.**
 * This phenomenon and its related problems suggest the need to consider not only the economic aspects of technology transfer and development but also the social and historical changes that result. Thus, focusing on the technological development of Japan after World War II would not give an accurate and practical analysis of the Japanese experience. Such a study must begin with Meiji, when Japan was a late starter.**

Japan's Industrial Revolution. **__//Japan's reorganization went beyond political life. A Western-style army and navy were created. New banks were established to fund trade a//__nd provide investment capital. Railways and steam vessels improved national communications. Many old restrictions on commerce, such as guilds and internal tariffs, were removed. Land reform cleared the way for individual ownership and stimulated production. Government initiative dominated manufacturing because of lack of capital and unfamiliar technology. A ministry of industry was created in 1870 to establish overall economic policy and operate certain industries. Model factories were created to provide industrial experience, and an expanded education system offered technical training. Private enterprise was involved in the growing economy, especially in textiles. Entrepreneurs came from all social ranks. By the 1890s, huge industrial combines (zaibatsu) had been formed. Thus, by 1900, Japan was fully engaged in an industrial revolution. Its success in managing foreign influences was a major accomplishment, but Japan before World War I was still behind the West. It depended on Western imports—of equipment and coal –and on world economic conditions. Successful exports required inexpensive labor and poorly paid women. Labor organization efforts were repressed.** JAPAN'S SOCIAL CHANGES
 * During the Meiji western music was found more regularly than before, this was an attempt to modernize the nation. to help with this japan set up a musical research center and made musical textbooks during 1880. the textbooks were a mix of western music and the traditional music played in japan. public music was first played by military bands and then by symphony orchestra which is most like how it is played today. the best know composer of japinese music was Takemitsu Toru. CLICK HERE to listen to sample of his most famous work called Requiem For Strings.**
 * Another main social change came when japan stopped using feudalism. This created social change because citizens were now able to choose their own occupation. This created a wide verity of services and products being made. Services like building railroads, mines, shipyards, and consumer products like textiles, glass, sugar, and other important products. over time education started to become more important, to help with this the government set up an educational systems which were also created under the new constitution. Hi there Friend**

REFERENCES @http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/japan/japanworkbook/modernhist/meiji.html
 * ssjj.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/3/2/187 **
 * @http://asnic.utexas.edu/countries/japan/japmusic.html **
 * @http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072957549/student_view0/chapter30/chapter_outline.html**
 * @http://wgordon.web.wesleyan.edu/papers/jhist1.htm**
 * @http://wps.ablongman.com/long_stearns_wcap_4/18/4652/1190942.cw/index.html**
 * @http://www.thecorner.org/hist/japan/meiji2.htm**


 * Hello my name is Bob and I lik**
 * Qonichwa**