Industrialization+in+Germany+&+Russia

Ian Adler, Harrison S Industialization in Russia

Russia’s industrial revolution was later than most because the agricultural techniques used in the mid nineteenth century had not changed since the medieval period. Farmers still left a third of their land lie fallow so that it would replenish its supply of nitrogen. Without a strong agricultural foundation industrialization was impossible. In the latter half of the nineteenth century, the modern agricultural techniques came into common practice. Legumes were plant on land that once would have laid fallow as it replaced nitrogen more quickly. Legumes also created more fodder for cattle; sic more cattle could be kept. More cattle meant more meat, cheese, milf, butter, and natural fertilizer for more plentiful and substantial crops. I would like to point out that America is much better than these countries. The industries of coal, oil, iron, and textiles boomed once German and French backers began to invest in them. In 1897, Sergei Witte became Minister of Finance. The same year saw growth in industry and economy. Much of this growth was due to increased heavy industry and the expansion of railroads all over Russia. The enlargement of Russia’s industry meant more industrial workers. These workers had strikes, and in order to placate them a maximum workday of eleven and a half hours was implemented by the government in 1897. Russia, always on the look out for a warm water port, found a suitable spot at the end of the Trans-Siberian railroad. The planned end point in the Trans-Siberian railroad was Vladivostok. However, by going through Manchuria as planned in the Russian-Chinese Friendship treaty of 1895, Russia gained Darien and Port Arthur – two warm water ports. This would have increased industrial productivity and overall economic health even more. Unfortunately, the Russian control of Manchumnmmria led to the Russo-Japanese war in 1904, just before the railroad was completed. The lack of resources strained the economy. Industry was forced to put out wartime effort without workers. The disaster that the [|Russo-Japanese War] turned into manifested itself in civil unrest, workers overworked and underpaid were starving in the cities because peasants farming in the country had no way to transport crops from the rural to the urban areas. Frustrated workers began to strike. In January of 1905 Moscow was crippled by [|strikes]. From 1905 to 1917 industry remained in a latent state. While it was not completely crippled it did not bring equal or sufficient wealth to all involved. When [|World War I] came, Russia was not prepared and the lack of resources necessary in war halted economic growth. Workers were pulled from the factory, and conscripted in the army. The main reason for Russia’s difficulties During the First World War was lack of efficient transportation and sufficient ammunition. The Russians went to war with whole regiments of soldiers without weapons or ammunition. Many soldiers deserted the army to come home to kill a landowner and get himself more land. Without the proper supplies, the Russian forces were not motivated to fight. The loss of Poland in 1915 nearly halted the industrialization of Russia. Poland was the transportation and industry base of Russia, without Poland the war effort was impossible. The ensuing revolution of 1917, in which Nicholas II abdicated, also proved to be a thorn in the side of industry as it further slowed the process of economic and industrial growth in Russia as strikes spread and opposition toward the Czar grew. The Reign of Nicholas II saw the rise and regression of industry in Russia.

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__Industrialization In Germany__:


 * German coal production, about one-third of Britain's in 1880, increased six fold by 1913, almost equaling British yields that year.Because industrialization came to Germany much later than it did in Britain, German economy was not significant until the late nineteenth century. Germany's industrialization began with the building of railroads in the 1840s and 1850s and development of iron, steel and coal mining. This, so called First Industrial Revolution, was followed by the Second Industrial Revolution, that was the growth of chemical and electrical industries. Because of great investments into research and development, Germany was producing half the world's electrical equipment, thus becoming the continent's industrial giant. German population also expanded rapidly, growing from 41.0 million in 1871 to 49.7 million in 1891 and 65.3 million in 1911. Many cities, including Berlin, tripled or quadrupled in size. **
 *  The was the major driving force of industrialization. It did not only offer direct employment, but also increased the demand for steel, coal and locomotives. In the beginning, this demand had to rely on imports, which soon were replaced by domestic suppliers. The lead to the emergence of centres of heavy industries. This development was accompanied by the emergence of numerous smaller workshops, which often started as repair-shops and went over to the development and construction of machinery. They were the origins of the mechanical industries that started developing increasingly independent in the 1840s. The significance of the railway for the development of investment capital should not be underestimated either. Partly supported by government guarantees, they were usually financed as joint-stock undertakings. As a result, they contributed to the spread of this way of financing. Gains were often reinvested and lead to a further accumulation of capital. **